Introduction to Occupancy

The concept of occupancy is governed by a complex set of international, national, and local codes and regulations, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and other building codes, which aim to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of occupants. These codes take into consideration factors such as building design and layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility and inclusivity, and energy efficiency, among others. Moreover, occupancy plays a significant role in real estate management, as it influences tenant and landlord responsibilities, lease agreements, and legal aspects of property use. As the field of occupancy management continues to evolve, innovations in technology and sustainability practices are shaping the future of how spaces are designed, monitored, and maintained (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

Types of Occupancy in Buildings

Understanding the various types of occupancy in buildings is crucial for ensuring safety, compliance with building codes, and efficient use of space. Occupancy classifications are typically based on the primary function or purpose of a building, and they play a significant role in determining the applicable building codes and regulations. Some common types of occupancy include residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and assembly.

Residential occupancy refers to buildings used for dwelling purposes, such as single-family homes, apartments, and condominiums. Commercial occupancy encompasses buildings used for business activities, including offices, retail stores, and restaurants. Industrial occupancy includes structures used for manufacturing, processing, or storage of goods, while institutional occupancy covers buildings used for educational, healthcare, or other public services. Assembly occupancy refers to spaces designed for gatherings of people, such as theaters, conference centers, and sports arenas.

Each occupancy type has specific requirements regarding building design, layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility, and energy efficiency, among other factors. Compliance with these requirements is essential for maintaining a safe and functional environment for occupants, as well as adhering to legal and regulatory obligations. As the field of occupancy management continues to evolve, innovations in building design, monitoring technologies, and sustainability practices will further shape the way we understand and manage the different types of occupancy in buildings.

Occupancy Classification and Codes

Occupancy classification plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate building codes to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of building occupants. Building codes, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and various national and local codes, establish minimum requirements for the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings based on their occupancy classification (ICC Digital Codes, 2021). These classifications categorize buildings according to their intended use, such as residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional, and further subdivide them based on specific activities or functions.

The relationship between occupancy classification and building codes is essential in addressing factors such as building design and layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility and inclusivity, and energy efficiency. For instance, different occupancy types may require distinct fire protection systems, emergency exits, and ventilation systems to ensure the safety and well-being of occupants. Moreover, building codes also dictate tenant and landlord responsibilities, lease agreements, and legal and regulatory aspects of occupancy, including zoning and land use regulations, building permits, and inspections. In summary, occupancy classification serves as the foundation for the application of building codes, which in turn, govern various aspects of building design, construction, and management to ensure a safe and healthy built environment.

International Property Maintenance Code

The International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) is a comprehensive regulatory framework established by the International Code Council (ICC) to govern the maintenance, safety, and occupancy of existing residential and non-residential buildings. The IPMC sets minimum standards for building conditions, ensuring that properties are maintained in a safe and sanitary manner, thereby promoting public health, safety, and welfare. It covers various aspects of property maintenance, including structural integrity, ventilation, sanitation, waste management, and fire safety, among others. The IPMC is regularly updated to reflect advancements in building technology, materials, and best practices, with the most recent edition published in 2021. Local governments and jurisdictions often adopt the IPMC as part of their building codes, tailoring it to suit their specific needs and requirements. By adhering to the IPMC, property owners, landlords, and tenants can ensure compliance with legal and regulatory obligations, ultimately contributing to the overall well-being of the community (ICC, 2021).

National and Local Building Codes

National and local building codes are sets of regulations governing the design, construction, alteration, and maintenance of structures. These codes ensure the safety, health, and welfare of building occupants by establishing minimum standards for various aspects, such as structural integrity, fire safety, and accessibility. One crucial aspect of these codes is the occupancy classification, which categorizes buildings based on their intended use and the activities conducted within them (International Code Council, 2021).

Occupancy classifications play a significant role in determining the appropriate building codes to be applied, as different uses and occupant loads require specific safety measures and design considerations. For instance, residential buildings have different requirements than commercial or industrial structures. By adhering to the relevant occupancy classification, builders and property owners can ensure that their structures meet the necessary safety standards and provide a suitable environment for occupants. Furthermore, compliance with these codes is essential for obtaining building permits and passing inspections, which are prerequisites for occupancy (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2020).

Factors Affecting Occupancy Levels

Various factors influence occupancy levels in buildings, including building design and layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility and inclusivity, and occupancy load calculation methods. The design and layout of a building play a crucial role in determining its occupancy capacity, as it affects the functionality and efficiency of the space (Ching, 2014). Fire and safety regulations, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), ensure that buildings adhere to specific standards to protect occupants from potential hazards (ICC, 2021). Accessibility and inclusivity are essential considerations in modern building design, as they ensure that spaces cater to the diverse needs of occupants, including those with disabilities (Steinfeld & Maisel, 2012).

Moreover, occupancy load calculation methods, such as those outlined in national and local building codes, help determine the maximum number of occupants that a building can safely accommodate (NFPA, 2018). Additionally, advancements in occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies contribute to efficient occupancy management, promoting energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings (Grand View Research, 2020). These factors, along with legal and regulatory aspects, zoning and land use regulations, and public health considerations, collectively impact occupancy levels in buildings.

Building Design and Layout

Building design and layout play a crucial role in determining occupancy levels, as they directly impact the functionality, safety, and comfort of a building’s occupants. A well-designed building layout ensures efficient space utilization, allowing for optimal occupancy levels while adhering to building codes and regulations. For instance, the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and local building codes provide guidelines on minimum space requirements, ventilation, and sanitation, which must be considered during the design process (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

Furthermore, building design should prioritize fire and safety regulations, accessibility, and inclusivity to accommodate diverse occupants and their needs. This includes incorporating features such as emergency exits, wheelchair ramps, and appropriate signage. Additionally, energy efficiency and sustainability measures, such as natural lighting and ventilation, can contribute to a healthier indoor environment, promoting higher occupancy levels. In the context of real estate management, a well-designed building layout can attract tenants and enhance property value, while also ensuring compliance with zoning and land use regulations. Ultimately, a thoughtful building design and layout can significantly impact occupancy levels by creating a safe, comfortable, and efficient space for occupants.

Fire and Safety Regulations

Fire and safety regulations play a crucial role in determining occupancy levels in buildings, as they ensure the safety and well-being of occupants. These regulations encompass various aspects, such as building design and layout, fire-resistant construction materials, and the installation of fire protection systems like sprinklers and alarms. Additionally, they stipulate the provision of adequate means of egress, including emergency exits and evacuation routes, to facilitate safe evacuation during emergencies.

Accessibility and inclusivity are also essential components of fire and safety regulations, ensuring that buildings cater to the needs of individuals with disabilities. This includes the installation of ramps, lifts, and other accessibility features. Furthermore, occupancy load calculation methods are employed to determine the maximum number of occupants that a building can safely accommodate, taking into account factors such as floor area, room usage, and exit capacity. Compliance with these regulations is enforced through building permits, inspections, and adherence to international codes like the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and national and local building codes (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

In conclusion, fire and safety regulations significantly impact occupancy levels in buildings by establishing guidelines and requirements that promote the safety and well-being of occupants. Compliance with these regulations is essential for ensuring a safe and secure built environment.

Accessibility and Inclusivity

Accessibility and inclusivity in building design are crucial factors that significantly impact occupancy levels. Ensuring that a building is accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities, not only complies with legal and regulatory requirements but also promotes social equity and enhances the overall user experience. Inclusive design principles cater to a diverse range of occupants, taking into consideration factors such as age, gender, and mobility, which ultimately contribute to a building’s functionality and marketability (Bichard, 2018).

Moreover, incorporating accessibility and inclusivity in building design can lead to increased occupancy rates, as it broadens the potential tenant pool and attracts a wider range of users. This, in turn, can positively affect the building’s financial performance and long-term sustainability. Additionally, accessible and inclusive buildings can contribute to public health by promoting social interaction and reducing isolation among occupants, which has been linked to improved mental and physical well-being (WHO, 2020). In summary, prioritizing accessibility and inclusivity in building design is essential for optimizing occupancy levels and fostering a more inclusive built environment.

Occupancy Load Calculation Methods

Occupancy load calculation methods are essential for determining the maximum number of occupants in a building, ensuring safety and compliance with building codes and regulations. One widely used method is the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), which provides guidelines for calculating occupancy loads based on the building’s use and floor area (ICC Digital Codes, 2021). Another approach is the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 101 Life Safety Code, which considers factors such as the building’s purpose, construction type, and egress capacity (NFPA, 2018).

In addition to these standardized methods, local building codes may also prescribe specific occupancy load calculation requirements, taking into account regional factors and building characteristics. Furthermore, advanced technologies, such as occupancy sensors and monitoring systems, can provide real-time data on occupancy levels, enabling more accurate and dynamic load calculations. Ultimately, the chosen method should align with the building’s design, layout, and intended use, while adhering to relevant fire and safety regulations, accessibility and inclusivity standards, and energy efficiency and sustainability goals (Spotblue.com).

Occupancy Sensors and Monitoring Technologies

Occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies are essential tools in managing building occupancy levels, ensuring energy efficiency, and maintaining safety standards. These systems utilize various sensing technologies, such as infrared, ultrasonic, and microwave, to detect the presence of occupants in a space and adjust building systems accordingly (e.g., lighting, heating, and cooling) (1). By doing so, they contribute to energy savings and sustainability efforts, as well as enhance the overall comfort and well-being of building occupants.

The impact of these technologies on occupancy levels is multifaceted. Firstly, they provide real-time data on occupancy patterns, enabling building managers to optimize space utilization and make informed decisions about resource allocation (2). Secondly, they facilitate compliance with building codes and regulations, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), which sets minimum standards for occupancy levels and safety requirements (3). Lastly, they support accessibility and inclusivity by ensuring that building systems are responsive to the diverse needs of occupants, including those with disabilities. In summary, occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies play a crucial role in optimizing building performance, enhancing occupant experience, and promoting sustainable practices.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Occupancy

Energy efficiency and sustainability are intrinsically linked to occupancy levels in buildings, as they directly impact the overall performance and environmental footprint of a structure. Occupancy levels influence energy consumption patterns, with higher occupancy rates typically resulting in increased energy demand for heating, cooling, lighting, and other building services. Consequently, optimizing occupancy levels can contribute to significant energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with global sustainability goals (World Green Building Council, 2019).

Innovative building design and layout, coupled with advanced occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies, can facilitate the efficient use of space and resources, ultimately enhancing energy performance. For instance, smart building systems can dynamically adjust temperature and lighting settings based on real-time occupancy data, ensuring optimal comfort and energy efficiency (U.S. Department of Energy, 2018). Furthermore, incorporating sustainable materials and practices in building construction and maintenance can improve indoor air quality, waste management, and overall building resilience, promoting a healthier and more sustainable environment for occupants (United Nations Environment Programme, 2017).

Occupancy and Real Estate Management

Occupancy levels play a crucial role in real estate management, as they directly influence the financial performance and sustainability of a property. High occupancy rates indicate a strong demand for the property, leading to increased rental income and property value (RICS, 2018). Conversely, low occupancy rates may result in reduced revenue, increased vacancy costs, and potential depreciation of the property’s value.

Effective real estate management requires a comprehensive understanding of factors affecting occupancy levels, such as building design and layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility, and inclusivity (IPMC, 2021). Additionally, property managers must be well-versed in occupancy load calculation methods and monitoring technologies to ensure compliance with local and international building codes. Energy efficiency and sustainability measures can also contribute to attracting and retaining tenants, further impacting occupancy levels (USGBC, 2019).

In conclusion, occupancy levels are a critical aspect of real estate management, with implications for property value, revenue generation, and regulatory compliance. Property managers must consider various factors and employ appropriate strategies to optimize occupancy levels and ensure the long-term success of their properties.

Tenant and Landlord Responsibilities

In the context of occupancy and real estate management, both tenants and landlords have specific responsibilities to ensure a safe and well-maintained living environment. Tenants are responsible for adhering to the terms of their lease agreements, which may include timely payment of rent, maintaining a clean and sanitary living space, and promptly reporting any maintenance issues or damages to the property. Additionally, tenants must comply with local building codes, fire and safety regulations, and zoning and land use regulations to ensure the safety and well-being of all occupants.

On the other hand, landlords are responsible for providing a habitable and secure living space for their tenants. This includes ensuring that the property meets the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and other applicable national and local building codes, as well as adhering to fire and safety regulations, accessibility and inclusivity standards, and sanitation and waste management requirements. Landlords must also obtain necessary building permits and inspections, and address any maintenance issues or repairs in a timely manner. Furthermore, landlords are responsible for managing occupancy levels, implementing emergency preparedness plans, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory aspects of occupancy, such as lease agreements and zoning regulations (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

Lease Agreements and Occupancy Terms

Lease agreements and occupancy terms play a crucial role in defining the responsibilities of tenants and landlords in the context of property management. These legally binding contracts outline the rights and obligations of both parties, ensuring a clear understanding of expectations and requirements. Lease agreements typically include details such as the duration of the lease, rent amount, payment schedules, and security deposit conditions (Smith, 2020). Additionally, they may address maintenance responsibilities, rules for property alterations, and provisions for dispute resolution.

Occupancy terms, on the other hand, refer to the conditions under which a tenant is allowed to occupy and use the property. These terms may encompass aspects such as permitted uses, maximum occupancy limits, and restrictions on subletting or assignment of the lease (Jones, 2019). Both tenants and landlords must adhere to relevant building codes, zoning regulations, and public health guidelines to ensure a safe and compliant occupancy. Furthermore, accessibility and inclusivity requirements, as well as fire and safety regulations, must be considered in the context of occupancy terms. By establishing clear lease agreements and occupancy terms, tenants and landlords can foster a mutually beneficial relationship, promoting effective property management and minimizing potential conflicts.

Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Occupancy

The legal and regulatory aspects of occupancy in property management encompass a wide range of factors, including zoning and land use regulations, building permits and inspections, and tenant-landlord responsibilities. Zoning and land use regulations dictate the permissible uses of a property, ensuring that buildings are constructed and utilized in accordance with local planning and development guidelines (1). Building permits and inspections are essential for maintaining compliance with the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and other national and local building codes, which set standards for building design, layout, fire and safety regulations, accessibility, and inclusivity (2).

Tenant and landlord responsibilities are governed by lease agreements and occupancy terms, which outline the rights and obligations of both parties in relation to property maintenance, rent payments, and other aspects of occupancy (3). Additionally, occupancy management must consider public health concerns, such as indoor air quality, ventilation, sanitation, and waste management, as well as emergency preparedness, evacuation plans, and disaster recovery (4). As property management continues to evolve, future trends and innovations in occupancy management will likely focus on energy efficiency, sustainability, and the integration of occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies (5).

Zoning and Land Use Regulations

Zoning and land use regulations play a crucial role in occupancy and property management, as they dictate the permissible uses of a property and the maximum occupancy levels allowed. These regulations are established by local governments to ensure the orderly development of communities and to maintain public health, safety, and welfare. They are typically enforced through zoning ordinances, which divide a municipality into different zones, each with specific land use and development standards (Fischel, 2004).

In the context of occupancy and property management, zoning and land use regulations can impact the types of tenants that can occupy a property, the allowable density of occupants, and the required building standards to accommodate the intended use. For instance, a property zoned for residential use may have restrictions on the number of occupants per dwelling unit, while a property zoned for commercial use may have different requirements for parking, accessibility, and fire safety (Pendall et al., 2012). Property managers and landlords must be aware of these regulations to ensure compliance and avoid potential legal issues. Additionally, understanding zoning and land use regulations can help property managers identify potential opportunities for property development or redevelopment, as well as inform decisions on leasing and occupancy terms.

Building Permits and Inspections

Building permits and inspections play a crucial role in occupancy and property management, ensuring that buildings adhere to established safety, health, and structural standards. These regulatory processes are governed by international, national, and local building codes, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), which set forth guidelines for various aspects of building construction, maintenance, and occupancy. Building permits are required before construction or significant alterations can commence, ensuring that the proposed work complies with zoning and land use regulations, as well as other relevant codes and standards (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

Inspections are conducted at various stages of construction and throughout the building’s lifecycle to verify compliance with these regulations. They assess factors such as fire and safety measures, accessibility and inclusivity, indoor air quality, and sanitation and waste management. In the context of property management, building permits and inspections help maintain the integrity of the building, protect the well-being of occupants, and uphold the responsibilities of tenants and landlords. Furthermore, they contribute to emergency preparedness, disaster recovery, and business continuity by ensuring that buildings are equipped to handle potential hazards and emergencies (ICC Digital Codes, 2021).

Occupancy and Public Health

Occupancy plays a crucial role in public health within the realm of property management, as it encompasses various factors that directly impact the well-being of occupants. One such factor is indoor air quality, which is influenced by ventilation systems, building materials, and the presence of pollutants (US EPA, 2021). Poor indoor air quality can lead to respiratory issues, allergies, and other health problems, making it essential for property managers to ensure proper ventilation and air filtration systems are in place.

Sanitation and waste management are also vital components of public health in relation to occupancy. Property managers must implement effective waste disposal systems and maintain cleanliness in common areas to prevent the spread of diseases and pests (CDC, 2020). Additionally, emergency preparedness plays a significant role in safeguarding occupants’ health and safety. Property managers should establish evacuation plans, procedures, and infrastructure to facilitate swift and orderly evacuations during emergencies, thereby minimizing potential injuries and fatalities (FEMA, 2018).

In conclusion, occupancy management is intrinsically linked to public health, as it encompasses various factors that directly impact the well-being of building occupants. Property managers must prioritize indoor air quality, sanitation, waste management, and emergency preparedness to ensure a safe and healthy living environment for all residents.

Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

Indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation play a crucial role in occupancy and property management, as they directly impact the health, comfort, and productivity of building occupants. Poor IAQ can lead to various health issues, such as allergies, asthma, and other respiratory problems, which can result in increased absenteeism and reduced performance in workplaces (Fisk, 2000). Furthermore, inadequate ventilation can contribute to the spread of airborne diseases, such as COVID-19, posing a significant public health concern (Morawska et al., 2020).

In the context of property management, maintaining optimal IAQ and ventilation is essential for meeting regulatory requirements, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), which sets minimum standards for air quality and ventilation in buildings. Compliance with these standards is crucial for obtaining building permits and inspections, as well as avoiding potential legal liabilities. Additionally, ensuring proper IAQ and ventilation can enhance the marketability of a property, as tenants increasingly prioritize healthy and comfortable living and working environments. In conclusion, prioritizing indoor air quality and ventilation is vital for safeguarding the well-being of occupants, fulfilling regulatory obligations, and optimizing the value of a property in the competitive real estate market.

Sanitation and Waste Management

Sanitation and waste management play a crucial role in occupancy and property management, as they directly impact the health and well-being of occupants. Proper sanitation practices, such as regular cleaning and maintenance of common areas, help prevent the spread of infectious diseases and contribute to a healthier living environment (World Health Organization, 2018). Moreover, effective waste management systems ensure the safe disposal of solid waste, reducing the risk of contamination and pollution, which can have detrimental effects on both human health and the environment (United Nations Environment Programme, 2019).

In addition to health benefits, proper sanitation and waste management practices contribute to the overall appeal and marketability of a property. A well-maintained property with efficient waste disposal systems is more likely to attract and retain tenants, ultimately leading to higher occupancy rates and increased revenue for property owners (RICS, 2017). Furthermore, adherence to local and international building codes and regulations, such as the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), is essential for property managers to ensure compliance and avoid potential legal issues (International Code Council, 2021). In summary, prioritizing sanitation and waste management in occupancy and property management is vital for maintaining a healthy, safe, and attractive living environment, while also ensuring compliance with relevant regulations.

Emergency Preparedness and Occupancy

Emergency preparedness is a crucial aspect of occupancy and property management, as it ensures the safety and well-being of occupants in the event of unforeseen incidents. A comprehensive emergency plan can mitigate potential risks and minimize the impact of disasters on the building and its occupants. This involves the development of evacuation procedures, communication strategies, and the provision of necessary resources such as emergency exits, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits.

Moreover, emergency preparedness is essential for compliance with various regulations, including the International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC) and local building codes, which mandate the implementation of safety measures and adherence to specific occupancy standards. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in legal consequences, financial penalties, and damage to the property owner’s reputation. Furthermore, well-prepared properties can contribute to the overall resilience of communities, as they are better equipped to withstand and recover from disasters, ensuring business continuity and reducing the burden on public resources. In conclusion, emergency preparedness is a vital component of occupancy and property management, as it safeguards the welfare of occupants, fulfills regulatory requirements, and promotes community resilience.

Evacuation Plans and Procedures

Evacuation plans and procedures are crucial components of occupancy and property management, as they ensure the safety and well-being of building occupants in emergency situations. These plans are designed to facilitate the orderly and efficient movement of people from a building during emergencies, such as fires, natural disasters, or security threats (International Code Council, 2021).

Key elements of an effective evacuation plan include clearly marked exit routes, emergency lighting, and signage to guide occupants towards safe exits. Additionally, plans should account for individuals with disabilities or mobility impairments, ensuring that accessible routes and evacuation equipment are available (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010). Regular drills and training sessions are essential to familiarize occupants with evacuation procedures and to identify potential areas for improvement.

Moreover, property managers and landlords are responsible for maintaining compliance with local building codes and fire safety regulations, which often mandate the development and implementation of evacuation plans (National Fire Protection Association, 2018). In summary, well-designed and executed evacuation plans are vital in safeguarding occupants’ lives and minimizing property damage during emergencies, while also fulfilling legal and regulatory obligations.

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity

Disaster recovery and business continuity are essential aspects of occupancy and property management, as they ensure the safety and well-being of occupants and the preservation of property value. In the context of occupancy, disaster recovery refers to the process of restoring a building’s functionality and habitability following a catastrophic event, such as a natural disaster, fire, or terrorist attack. This may involve repairing structural damage, restoring utilities, and addressing health and safety concerns (International Code Council, 2021).

On the other hand, business continuity focuses on maintaining the ongoing operations of a property, including tenant services and facility management, during and after a disruptive event. This involves developing contingency plans, establishing communication channels, and implementing backup systems to minimize downtime and financial losses (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2019). Both disaster recovery and business continuity are crucial for property managers and landlords, as they help protect their investments, ensure legal compliance, and maintain tenant satisfaction. Moreover, these practices contribute to the overall resilience and sustainability of the built environment, supporting long-term urban development and public health objectives (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015).

Future Trends and Innovations in Occupancy Management

Future trends and innovations in occupancy management are expected to be driven by advancements in technology and an increased focus on sustainability. The integration of smart building systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) will enable more efficient monitoring and control of occupancy levels, leading to optimized energy consumption and reduced operational costs. Occupancy sensors and monitoring technologies will become more sophisticated, providing real-time data on space utilization and occupant behavior, which can be used to inform building design and layout decisions.

Sustainability will also play a crucial role in shaping the future of occupancy management, with an emphasis on energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of buildings. This may involve the adoption of green building practices, such as the use of renewable energy sources and sustainable materials, as well as the implementation of waste management and recycling programs. Additionally, accessibility and inclusivity will become increasingly important, ensuring that buildings cater to the diverse needs of occupants and comply with relevant regulations and codes. In this context, the role of real estate management will evolve, with a greater focus on tenant satisfaction and the provision of safe, healthy, and comfortable living and working environments (International Code Council, 2021).